Inventions that changed our lives, Technology

What is Nebulae and star clusters

A NEBULAE IS A CLOUD OF DUST AND GAS inside a galaxy. Nebulae become visible if the gas glows, or if the cloud reflects starlight or obsecures light from more distant objects. Emission nebulae shine because their gas emits light when it is stimulated by radiation from hot young stars. Reflection nebulae shine because their dust reflects light from stars in or around nebulae. Dark nebulae appear as silhouettes because they block our light from shining nebulae or stars behind them. Two types of nebulae are associated with dying stars: planetary nebulae and supernova remnants . Both consists of expanding shells of gas that were once the outer layer of a star. A planetary nebulae is a gas shell drifting away from a dying stellar core.

   A supernova remnant is a gas shell moving away from a stellar core at  great speed following a violent explosion called a supernova. Stars are often found in groups known as clusters. Open clusters are loose groups of a few thousand young stars that were born from the same cloud and are drifting apart. Globular clusters are densely packed, roughly spherical groups of hundreds of thousands of older stars.

What is The Milky Way

THE MILKY WAY IS THE NAME GIVEN TO THE FAINT BAND OF LIGHT, that stretches across the night sky. This light comes from stars and nebulae in our galaxy, known as the Milky Way Galaxy or simply as " the Galaxy". The Galaxy is believed to be a barred spiral, with a dense central bar of stars encircled by four arms spiralling outward and surrounded by a less dense halo. We cannot see the spiral shape because the solar system is in one of the spiral arms, the Orion Arm( also called the local Arm). From our position, the Centre of the Galaxy is completely obscured by dust clouds; as a result, optical maps give only a limited view of the Galaxy. However, a more complete picture can be obtained by studying radio, Infra red and other radiation.
The central part of the Galaxy is relatively small and dense and contains mainly older red and yellow stars. The halo is a less dense region in which the older stars are situated; Some of these stars are as old as the Galaxy itself ( possibly 13 billion years). The spiral arms contain main sequence stars and hot, young, blue stars, as well as nebulae ( clouds of dust and gas inside which stars are born). The Galaxy is vast, about 100 ,000 light years across ( a light year is about 9460 billion kilometres) ; in comparison, the Solar system seems small, at about 12 light  hours across (about 13 billion kilometres). The entire Galaxy is rotating in space, although the inner stars travel faster than those further out. The Sun, which is about two - thirds out from the centre, comevplete one lap of the Galaxy about every 220 million years.

How we Got Our First Lipstick

Women have added color to their lips for

at least five millennia. The earliest

evidence of a colored paste or lipstick

comes from Mesopotamia in around

3000 B.C.E. There , it was made of

crushed semi precious jewels and then

put on to the eyelids as well as the lips.

Cleopatra, Pharaoh of Egypt ( 69 - 30 B. C
.
E)  used crushed carmine beetles in a

base made of ants as lipstick. Some

formulations would have resulted in

serious illness or even death, such as the

Ancient Egyptian concoction from 1400

B.C.E which used a red dye extracted

from seawood , mixed with iodine and

toxic bromine compounds.

            In 1915 , Maurice levy invented the

sliding tube that we know as lipstick.

Levy's tubes were just 2 inches 5 cm

long. The sliding tube worked by a set of

slide levers  in the casing. In subsequent

development, levy added a slide and twist

mechanism , creating the lipstick tube as

we know it today.

           Lipstick, in its new and convenient

form, caught the imagination of women

in America and Europe from the early part

of the twentieth century. Movie Stars and

other performers made it a relatively

inexpensive luxury in an otherwise tough

and unglamorous world of economic

hardship and wartime.

How we get Candle

Fats, waxes, and wicks light the world
  It is difficult to attribute the invention of the candle to one society or country. The first  "candle " may have been nothing more than melting lumps of animal fat set on fire. Later, these evolved into reeds dipped into animal fat, longer burning than their predecessors but still without a wick  (a central slow burning core to the candle, usually made from fiber or cord ).
   Archeological evidence indicates that both the Egyptians and the Greeks were using candles with wicks ( not dissimilar to those we know today) as long ago as 3000 B. C.E .   Many ancient cultures appear to have developed some variation of the candle, using materials such as beeswax or tallow or even the product of berries to make the wax. This surrounded a wick made from fibers of plant material, rolled papyrus, rolled rice paper.
  Burning with a regular flame and at a constant speed, the candle remained the preferred way of producing controlled artificial light for millennia. Candles remained a cheap, efficient way of creating light throughout the Middle Ages and right up until the mid - nineteenth century , when paraffin first became commercially available and the parrfin lamp entered most homes. Since the advent of gas and the parrfin lamp entered most homes. Since the advent of gas and then electricity, the role of candles has largely been to create a peaceful, reflective and nostalgic atmosphere, either in a religious settings or in the home.
वसा, वैक्स और विक्स दुनिया को आलोकित करते हैं
 मोमबत्ती का आविष्कार किसी एक समाज या देश के लिए करना मुश्किल है।  पहले "मोमबत्ती" आग पर सेट पशु वसा के पिघलने से ज्यादा कुछ नहीं हो सकता है।  बाद में, ये जानवरों की चर्बी में डूबे हुए नरकटों में विकसित हो गए, जो कि उनके पूर्वजों की तुलना में लंबे समय तक जलते थे, लेकिन फिर भी एक बाती (मोमबत्ती के लिए एक केंद्रीय जलती हुई कोर, आमतौर पर फाइबर या कॉर्ड से बने) के बिना।

 पुरातात्विक साक्ष्य इंगित करता है कि मिस्र और यूनान दोनों ही ईंटों के साथ मोमबत्तियों का उपयोग कर रहे थे (जो हम आज उन्हें नहीं जानते हैं) के रूप में लंबे समय से 3000 ई.पू.  मोम बनाने के लिए मधुमक्खियों या ऊँचे या यहाँ तक कि जामुन के उत्पाद जैसी सामग्रियों का उपयोग करके कई प्राचीन संस्कृतियों ने मोमबत्ती की कुछ भिन्नता विकसित की है।  इसने प्लांट सामग्री के रेशों से बने बाती को घेर लिया, पपीरस को लुढ़काया, चावल के पेपर को घुमाया।

 एक नियमित लौ के साथ जलन और एक स्थिर गति से, मोमबत्ती सहस्राब्दी के लिए नियंत्रित कृत्रिम प्रकाश के उत्पादन का पसंदीदा तरीका बना रहा।  मोमबत्तियाँ पूरे मध्य युग में प्रकाश पैदा करने का एक सस्ता और कुशल तरीका बनी रहीं, और उन्नीसवीं सदी के मध्य तक, जब पैराफिन पहली बार व्यावसायिक रूप से उपलब्ध हुई और पैराफिन लैंप ने अधिकांश घरों में प्रवेश किया।  गैस के आगमन और पर्फिन लैंप के बाद से अधिकांश घरों में प्रवेश किया।  गैस और फिर बिजली के आगमन के बाद से, मोमबत्तियों की भूमिका काफी हद तक एक शांतिपूर्ण, चिंतनशील और उदासीन वातावरण बनाने के लिए रही है, या तो धार्मिक सेटिंग्स में या घर में।



ਚਰਬੀ, ਮੋਮ ਅਤੇ ਬੱਤੀ ਸੰਸਾਰ ਨੂੰ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ਮਾਨ ਕਰਦੇ ਹਨ
 ਮੋਮਬੱਤੀ ਦੀ ਕਾvention ਦਾ ਇਕ ਸਮਾਜ ਜਾਂ ਦੇਸ਼ ਨਾਲ ਸਬੰਧਿਤ ਹੋਣਾ ਮੁਸ਼ਕਲ ਹੈ.  ਪਹਿਲੀ "ਮੋਮਬੱਤੀ" ਜਾਨਵਰਾਂ ਦੀ ਚਰਬੀ ਦੇ ਪਿਘਲੇ ਹੋਏ ਗਲਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਇਲਾਵਾ ਹੋਰ ਕੁਝ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੋ ਸਕਦਾ.  ਬਾਅਦ ਵਿਚ, ਇਹ ਜਾਨਵਰਾਂ ਦੀ ਚਰਬੀ ਵਿਚ ਡੁੱਬੀਆਂ ਹੋਈਆਂ ਨਦੀਆਂ ਵਿਚ ਵਿਕਸਤ ਹੋ ਗਏ, ਜੋ ਉਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਦੇ ਪੂਰਵਜੀਆਂ ਨਾਲੋਂ ਲੰਬੇ ਸਮੇਂ ਲਈ ਬਲਦੇ ਹਨ ਪਰ ਫਿਰ ਵੀ ਬੱਤੀ ਤੋਂ ਬਿਨਾਂ (ਮੋਮਬੱਤੀ ਦਾ ਇਕ ਕੇਂਦਰੀ ਹੌਲੀ ਜਲਣ ਵਾਲਾ ਕੋਰ, ਆਮ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ ਫਾਈਬਰ ਜਾਂ ਕੋਰਡ ਤੋਂ ਬਣਿਆ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ).

 ਪੁਰਾਤੱਤਵ ਸਬੂਤ ਦਰਸਾਉਂਦੇ ਹਨ ਕਿ ਦੋਵੇਂ ਮਿਸਰੀ ਅਤੇ ਯੂਨਾਨੀ ਵਿੱਕਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਮੋਮਬੱਤੀਆਂ ਦੀ ਵਰਤੋਂ ਕਰ ਰਹੇ ਸਨ (ਜਿੰਨਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਅਸੀਂ ਅੱਜ ਜਾਣਦੇ ਹਾਂ ਤੋਂ ਵੱਖਰਾ ਨਹੀਂ) ਜਿੰਨਾ ਚਿਰ ਪਹਿਲਾਂ 3000 ਬੀ ਸੀ.ਈ.  ਬਹੁਤ ਸਾਰੇ ਪ੍ਰਾਚੀਨ ਸਭਿਆਚਾਰਾਂ ਨੇ ਮੋਮ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਮੋਮਬੱਤੀ ਜਾਂ ਟੇਲੋ ਜਾਂ ਇੱਥੋਂ ਤਕ ਕਿ ਉਗ ਦਾ ਉਤਪਾਦ ਵੀ ਇਸਤੇਮਾਲ ਕਰਦਿਆਂ ਮੋਮਬੱਤੀ ਦੀ ਕੁਝ ਤਬਦੀਲੀ ਵਿਕਸਤ ਕੀਤੀ ਹੈ.  ਇਸਨੇ ਪੌਦੇ ਦੇ ਪਦਾਰਥਾਂ, ਰੋਲਡ ਪਪੀਯਰਸ, ਰੋਲਡ ਚੌਲਾਂ ਦੇ ਕਾਗਜ਼ਾਂ ਨਾਲ ਬਣੀ ਬੱਤੀ ਨੂੰ ਘੇਰ ਲਿਆ.

 ਇੱਕ ਨਿਯਮਤ ਅੱਗ ਨਾਲ ਅਤੇ ਇੱਕ ਨਿਰੰਤਰ ਗਤੀ ਤੇ ਬਲਦੇ ਹੋਏ, ਮੋਮਬੱਤੀ ਹਜ਼ਾਰਾਂ ਸਾਲਾਂ ਲਈ ਨਿਯੰਤ੍ਰਿਤ ਨਕਲੀ ਰੋਸ਼ਨੀ ਪੈਦਾ ਕਰਨ ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਤਰਜੀਹ remainedੰਗ ਰਿਹਾ.  ਮੋਮਬੱਤੀਆਂ ਮੱਧ ਯੁੱਗ ਵਿੱਚ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਸਸਤਾ ਅਤੇ ਪ੍ਰਭਾਵਸ਼ਾਲੀ ਤਰੀਕਾ ਰਿਹਾ ਅਤੇ ਉੱਨੀਵੀਂ ਸਦੀ ਦੇ ਅੱਧ ਤੱਕ, ਜਦੋਂ ਪੈਰਾਫਿਨ ਪਹਿਲੀ ਵਾਰ ਵਪਾਰਕ ਤੌਰ ਤੇ ਉਪਲਬਧ ਹੋਇਆ ਅਤੇ ਪੈਰਫਿਨ ਲੈਂਪ ਜ਼ਿਆਦਾਤਰ ਘਰਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਦਾਖਲ ਹੋਇਆ.  ਜਦੋਂ ਤੋਂ ਗੈਸ ਅਤੇ ਪੈਰਫਿਨ ਲੈਂਪ ਦੀ ਆਮਦ ਬਹੁਤੇ ਘਰਾਂ ਵਿਚ ਦਾਖਲ ਹੋਈ.  ਗੈਸ ਅਤੇ ਫਿਰ ਬਿਜਲੀ ਦੇ ਆਉਣ ਤੋਂ ਬਾਅਦ, ਮੋਮਬੱਤੀਆਂ ਦੀ ਭੂਮਿਕਾ ਸ਼ਾਂਤਮਈ, ਪ੍ਰਤੀਬਿੰਬਿਤ ਅਤੇ ਉਦਾਸੀਨ ਮਾਹੌਲ ਬਣਾਉਣ ਲਈ ਰਹੀ ਹੈ, ਚਾਹੇ ਉਹ ਧਾਰਮਿਕ ਸਥਿਤੀਆਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਜਾਂ ਘਰ ਵਿੱਚ.

 

How We Get Our First Bell

The ancient Chinese were technologically and culturally advanced. Between 3950 and 1700 B.C.E. , the people of the Yang-shao culture farmed pigs, grew wheat and millet, made highly specialized tools, and produced painted pottery. They also produced pottery instruments called lings, which became the first turned bells. One of the earliest example of these clay bells is a small red ling uncovered at an excavation site in the Henan Province of central China.                                                                 Later , during the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the Chinese made bells from metal and decorated them with intricate designs. Bells came to play an important part in the culture by the fifth century B.C.E, when sets of bronze bells were used in ritual ceremonies for musical accompaniment. Large, clapperless bells known as Zhong were sometimes struck with mallets. It is said that these represented the sound of the Autumn Equinox, when all the crops had been harvested in Chinese, the word Zhong means " bell " but also " cultivated " when pronounced slightly differently.                          
      During the Qin Dynasty, in the second century  B.C.E. the bell became the symbol of power and authority following the installation of six large bells at the imperial court. In modern China, the bell has a different meaning : education and worship.
      Today in the western world, the bell is used both functionally and symbolically. Bell chimes tell us of the time of day, but are also  associated with the  church and traditional celebrations such as Christmas and weddings . Hand bells are still played by members of the church community and in schools as part of music  education. There are even examples of bells being used in music therapy in retirement homes and hospitals.           


प्राचीन चीनी तकनीकी और सांस्कृतिक रूप से उन्नत थे।  3950 से 1700 ई.पू.  यांग-श्यो संस्कृति के लोगों ने सूअरों की खेती की, गेहूं और बाजरा उगाए, अत्यधिक विशिष्ट उपकरण बनाए, और चित्रित मिट्टी के बर्तनों का उत्पादन किया।  उन्होंने मिट्टी के बर्तनों का भी निर्माण किया, जिन्हें लिंग कहा जाता है, जो पहली बार बनी घंटी बन गए।  इन मिट्टी की घंटी का सबसे पहला उदाहरण मध्य चीन के हेनान प्रांत में एक उत्खनन स्थल पर खुला एक छोटा सा लाल रंग का बेल है।  बाद में, शांग और झोउ राजवंशों के दौरान, चीनी ने धातु से घंटियाँ बनाईं और उन्हें जटिल डिजाइनों से सजाया।  पांचवीं शताब्दी ई.पू. द्वारा संस्कृति में एक महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाने के लिए बेल्स आए, जब संगीतमय संगत के लिए अनुष्ठान समारोहों में कांस्य घंटियों के सेट का उपयोग किया गया था।  बड़ी, क्लैपरलेस घंटियाँ जिन्हें Zhong के रूप में जाना जाता है, कभी-कभी मैलेट्स से टकरा जाती थीं।  ऐसा कहा जाता है कि ये शरद विषुव की ध्वनि का प्रतिनिधित्व करते थे, जब सभी फसलों को चीनी में काटा गया था, झोंग शब्द का अर्थ "घंटी" है, लेकिन थोड़ा अलग उच्चारण होने पर "खेती" भी करता है।

 किन राजवंश के दौरान, दूसरी शताब्दी में बी.सी.ई.  शाही दरबार में छह बड़ी घंटियों की स्थापना के बाद घंटी शक्ति और अधिकार का प्रतीक बन गई।  आधुनिक चीन में, घंटी का एक अलग अर्थ है: शिक्षा और पूजा।

 आज पश्चिमी दुनिया में, घंटी को कार्यात्मक और प्रतीकात्मक रूप से उपयोग किया जाता है।  बेल की झंकार हमें दिन का समय बताती है, लेकिन चर्च और पारंपरिक उत्सव जैसे क्रिसमस और शादियों से भी जुड़ी होती है।  हाथ की घंटियाँ अभी भी चर्च समुदाय के सदस्यों और स्कूलों में संगीत शिक्षा के हिस्से के रूप में बजाई जाती हैं।  यहां तक ​​कि सेवानिवृत्ति के घरों और अस्पतालों में संगीत चिकित्सा में इस्तेमाल होने वाली घंटियाँ भी हैं।                        

What we know About Galaxies The Universe

A Galaxy Is A HUGE MASS OF STARS, nebulae, and interstellar material. The smallest galaxies contain about 100,000 stars, while the largest contain  up to 3000 billion stars. There are three main types of galaxy, classified according to their shape: elliptical, which are oval shaped ; spiral, which have arms spiralling outward from a central bulge ( those whose   arms spiral from a bar shaped bulge are called spiral) ; and irregular, which have no obvious shape. Sometimes, the shape of galaxy is distorted by a collision with another galaxy. Quasars (quasi stellar objects) are thought to be galactic nuclei but are so far away that their exact nature is still uncertain. They are compact, highly luminous objects in the outer reaches of the known Universe: while the furthest known"ordinary" galaxies are about 12 billion light years away, the furthest known quasar is about 13 billion light years away. Active galaxies, such as Seyfert galaxies and radio galaxies, emit intense radiation. In a Seyfert galaxy, this radiation comes from the galactic nucleus; in a radio galaxy, it also comes from huge lobes on either side of the galaxy. The radiation from active galaxies and quasars is thought to be caused by material falling into central black holes.

What is Anatomy of the Universe

The Universe contains everthing  that exists, from the tiniest subatomic particles to galactic superclusters ( the largest structures known ). Nobody knows how big the universe is, but astonomers estimates that it contains at least 125 billion galaxies , each  comprising  an  average of 100 billion stars. The most widely accepted theory about the origin of the Universe is the Big Bang theory , which states that  the Universe  came into being in a huge explosion - the Big Bang - that took place between 10 and 20 billions years ago . The Universe initially consisted  of a very hot , dense fireball of expanding , cooling gas. After about one million years ,the gas began to condense into localized clumps called  Protogalaxies . During the next five billion years , the protogalaxies continued condensing, forming galaxies in which stars were being born . Today billions of years later , the Universe as a whole is still expanding , although there are localized areas in which objects are held together by gravity for example many galaxies are found in clusters. The Big Bang theory is supported by discovery of faint , cool back ground radiation coming evenly from all directions. This radiation is believed to be the remnant of the radition produced by the Big Bang . Small  ripples in the temprature of the cosmic background radiation are thought  to be evidence of slight fluctuations in the density of early Universe , which resulted in the formation of galaxies. Astronmers do not yet know if the Universe is Closed , which means it will eventually stop expanding and begin to contract, or if it is Open,  which means it will continue expanding forever.

What is Nebulae and star clusters

A NEBULAE IS A CLOUD OF DUST AND GAS inside a galaxy. Nebulae become visible if the gas glows, or if the cloud reflects starlight or obsecur...